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임상에서 발생할 수 있는 문제 상황에서의 성향 점수 가중치 방법에 대한 비교 모의실험 연구
A simulation study for various propensity score weighting methods in clinical problematic situations
Korean J Appl Stat 2023;36(5):381-397
Published online October 31, 2023
© 2023 The Korean Statistical Society.

정시성a, 민은정1,a,b
Siseong Jeonga, Eun Jeong Min1,a,b

a가톨릭대학교 의생명 · 건강과학과; b가톨릭대학교 의과대학 의생명과학교실

aDepartment of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea;
bDepartment of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
1Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea. E-mail: ej.min@catholic.ac.kr
This study was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (No. NRF-2021R1F1A1058613).
Received March 12, 2023; Revised May 4, 2023; Accepted May 8, 2023.
Abstract
대부분의 임상시험에서 가장 대표적으로 사용되는 실험설계는 무작위화로, 치료 효과를 정확하게 추정하기 위해 이용된다. 그러나 무작위화가 이루어지지 않은 관찰연구의 경우 치료군과 대조군의 비교로 얻는 치료 효과에는 환자 간의 특성 등 여러 조정되지 않은 차이로 인해 편향이 발생한다. 성향 점수 가중치는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 널리쓰이는 방법으로 치료 효과를 추정하는데에 있어 교란요인을 조정하여 편향을 최소화하도록 하는 방법이다. 성향 점수를 이용한 가중치 방법 중 가장 널리 알려진 역확률 가중치는 관찰된 공변량이 주어졌을 때 특정 치료에 할당될 조건부 확률의 역에 비례하는 가중치를 할당한다. 그러나 이 방법은 극단적인 성향 점수에 의해 종종 방해 받아 편향된 추정치와 과도한 분산을 초래한다는 점이 알려져있어 이러한 문제를 완화하기 위해 절사 역확률 가중치, 중복 가중치, 일치 가중치를 포함한 여러 가지 대안 방법이 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 제한된 중복, 잘못 지정된 성향 점수 모델 및 예측과 반대되는 치료 등 다양한 문제 상황에서 여러 성향 점수 가중치 방법의 성능을 비교하는 시뮬레이션 비교연구를 수행하였다. 비교연구의 결과 중복 가중치와 일치 가중치는 편향, 제곱근평균제곱오차 및 포함 확률 측면에서 역확률 가중치와 절사 역확률 가중치에 비에 우월한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.
The most representative design used in clinical trials is randomization, which is used to accurately estimate the treatment effect. However, comparison between the treatment group and the control group in an observational study without randomization is biased due to various unadjusted differences, such as characteristics between patients. Propensity score weighting is a widely used method to address these problems and to minimize bias by adjusting those confounding and assess treatment effects. Inverse probability weighting, the most popular method, assigns weights that are proportional to the inverse of the conditional probability of receiving a specific treatment assignment, given observed covariates. However, this method is often suffered by extreme propensity scores, resulting in biased estimates and excessive variance. Several alternative methods including trimming, overlap weights, and matching weights have been proposed to mitigate these issues. In this paper, we conduct a simulation study to compare performance of various propensity score weighting methods under diverse situation, such as limited overlap, misspecified propensity score, and treatment contrary to prediction. From the simulation results overlap weights and matching weights consistently outperform inverse probability weighting and trimming in terms of bias, root mean squared error and coverage probability.
주요어 : 성향 점수, 역확률 가중치, 모의실험, 제한된 중복
Keywords : propensity score, inverse probability weights, simulation study, limited overlap
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